What is the significance of fig trees in the bible? 

From Adam and Eve fashioning clothes from the leaves of the fig tree, to Jesus cursing the fig tree; the biblical symbolism of the fig tree has fairly negative connotations, some might even say the fig tree means judgement.

Jesus curses the fig tree 

This blog post entitled "The Withering Fig Tree" offers some helpful insights into the meaning of the biblical symbolism of the fig tree. It speaks at length about the story of when Jesus spoke to, condemned, withered, and killed a fig tree, in the gospels of Matthew and Mark.

Fig Trees in the Bible

Jeremiah 8:13 - “‘I will take away their harvest, declares the Lord. There will be no grapes on the vine. There will be no figs^B)"> on the tree, and their leaves will wither. What I have given them will be taken^D)"> from them.’”

Matthew 21:19-22 -  Seeing a fig tree by the road, he went up to it but found nothing on it except leaves. Then he said to it, “May you never bear fruit again!” Immediately the tree withered.

Zechariah 3:10  - “‘In that day each of you will invite your neighbor to sit^A)"> under your vine and fig tree,^B)">’ declares the Lord Almighty.”

Micah 4:4  - Everyone will sit under their own vine and under their own fig tree, and no one will make them afraid, for the Lord Almighty has spoken.

Deuteronomy  8:7-8 - For the Lord your God is bringing you into a good land^A)">—a land with brooks, streams, and deep springs gushing out into the valleys and hills;^{B)"> 8} a land with wheat and barley,^C)"> vines^D)"> and fig trees,^E)"> pomegranates, olive oil and honey;

Genesis Rabbah 19:6 - “And they sewed the leaves of the fig [te'enah] together.” 

Mark 11: 12-25 - Seeing in the distance a fig tree in leaf, he went to find out if it had any fruit. When he reached it, he found nothing but leaves, because it was not the season for figs.^D)">14 Then he said to the tree, “May no one ever eat fruit from you again.”